CBD oil is gaining traction among dog owners as a natural option for managing various health issues in dogs, from anxiety to pain and inflammation. Among its potential applications, CBD oil is increasingly being considered for dogs with complex liver disease, which requires a nuanced approach.
This post breaks down how CBD oil works in the canine body, particularly for liver support, expert insights, and essential considerations before adding it to a dog’s treatment plan.
Understanding Liver Function and Disease in Dogs
The liver is the largest internal organ in a dog’s body and is crucial in maintaining overall health by performing various essential functions. Some of the primary roles of the liver are listed below.
- Filtering toxins from the blood
- Producing bile to aid in digestion
- Metabolizing nutrients, vitamins, and minerals
- Regulating blood clotting
- Producing proteins essential for blood clotting
- Storing iron for hemoglobin production
- Filtering bacteria to fight infections
The liver’s ability to perform these functions is crucial for overall health. Liver disease occurs when the liver is compromised and does not perform these functions properly, negatively impacting a dog’s health and quality of life. Liver disease has significant consequences, as it leads to the accumulation of toxins in the body, reduced nutrient absorption, and impaired blood clotting, all of which drastically affect a dog’s well-being.
Types of Liver Diseases in Dogs
- Canine Chronic Hepatitis: This is a progressive inflammatory condition affecting the liver, often associated with immune-mediated mechanisms, copper accumulation, or other unidentified factors. Breeds like Labrador Retrievers and Doberman Pinschers are predisposed. Symptoms include jaundice, vomiting, lethargy, and weight loss. Treatment involves immunosuppressive drugs, antioxidants, and in cases of copper accumulation, chelation therapy and dietary copper restriction.
- Hepatic Neoplasia: Liver tumors in dogs are either primary (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma) or secondary (metastatic). Common signs include weight loss, anorexia, vomiting, and jaundice. Diagnosis often requires imaging and biopsies. Surgical excision is the primary treatment for localized tumors.
- Hepatic Amyloidosis: A rare condition characterized by amyloid protein deposits in the liver, often seen in Shar-Peis and associated with systemic amyloidosis. Symptoms include hepatomegaly, jaundice, and abdominal hemorrhage. The prognosis is generally poor, and treatment focuses on supportive care and slowing progression.
- Glycogen Storage Diseases: Genetic disorders like Type III glycogen storage disease result in excessive glycogen accumulation in the liver and skeletal muscles, leading to hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly. Breeds such as German Shepherds and Curly-Coated Retrievers are affected. Management involves dietary modifications and supportive care.
- Biliary Tract Disorders: Conditions like biliary adenocarcinomas involve tumors originating from bile ducts, leading to symptoms like vomiting, jaundice, and abdominal masses. Treatment include surgical resection or palliative care for advanced cases
- Early detection of liver disease is crucial, as symptoms are often vague in the initial stages. By the time noticeable signs appear, the disease has progressed significantly, making treatment more challenging. Regular veterinary check-ups and blood tests are key to identifying liver problems before they become severe.
Common Symptoms of Liver Disease in Dogs
- Jaundice: A yellowing of the skin, eyes, and gums caused by a buildup of bilirubin in the blood
- Gastrointestinal issues: Vomiting, diarrhea, stomach ulceration, or bloody vomit
- Weight loss: A loss of appetite and weight loss is a sign of liver disease
- Neurological issues: Seizures, blindness, disorientation, confusion, or head pressing
- Fluid accumulation: A painful or bloated belly caused by fluid accumulation in the abdomen, also known as ascites
- Other symptoms: Increased thirst and urination, lethargy, weakness, fever, pale gums, dark urine, small red dots or bruises on the skin or gums
These symptoms vary depending on the severity of the liver disease and its underlying cause. consult the dog’s veterinarian promptly for a thorough examination and diagnosis if any of these signs are noticed.
Factors Contributing to Liver Issues in Dogs
Dogs are susceptible to several environmental factors that harm their liver health. Some of these are listed below.
- Diet: Sometimes, commercial dog foods are contaminated with aflatoxins (Stenske, K., et al., 2006), toxins produced by fungi in crops like corn and peanuts. Aflatoxins resist high temperatures and remain in food even after cooking. These toxins bind to DNA, potentially leading to cell mutations and an increased risk of liver cancer (Martínez-Martínez, L., et al., 2021). Feeding dogs high-quality, aflatoxin-free food is one of the best ways to reduce the risk of liver issues.
- Toxic plants: According to ASPCA, many common plants are toxic to dogs if ingested, potentially leading to liver damage. Some examples include aloe vera, autumn crocus, begonia, castor bean, daffodil, lilies, sago palm, and tomato leaves. Pet owners must be mindful of the plants in their homes and yards to protect their pets from accidental poisoning.
- Household cleaning products: Chemicals found in household cleaning products are highly toxic to dogs if ingested or absorbed through the skin. Bleach, a common ingredient in many cleaners, causes burns, vomiting, and seizures. Using pet-safe cleaning products helps mitigate the risk of accidental poisoning and protects dog’s liver health.
Does CBD Oil Help Dogs with Liver Disease?
Yes, CBD Oil potentially helps dogs with liver disease. While research is still ongoing, there is growing interest in its potential benefits for canine liver diseases. CBD interacts with the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a complex network of receptors throughout the body, including the liver. The ECS plays a role in regulating various physiological processes.
Proponents of CBD oil for liver disease suggest that it helps in the way listed below.
Reducing inflammation: Inflammation is a key factor in liver damage. CBD’s anti-inflammatory properties help protect the liver from further damage by reducing inflammation and preventing liver disease progression.
Managing symptoms: CBD helps alleviate symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, and pain, improving the dog’s quality of life (Parker, L., et al., 2011). Dogs with liver disease often experience discomfort and reduced appetite, and CBD provides symptom relief that allows them to feel more comfortable.
Stimulating appetite: Loss of appetite is a common symptom of liver disease. CBD helps increase appetite and encourage eating, which is crucial for maintaining proper nutrition and supporting liver health.
Protecting the liver: Some sources suggest that CBD has hepatoprotective properties by preventing liver steatosis, reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation, and protecting against various forms of liver injury (Jiang, X., et al., 2021). This protective effect is beneficial for dogs whose liver function is already compromised.
It’s important to note that while CBD oil offers potential benefits, it is not a cure for liver disease. It is used as part of a comprehensive treatment plan developed in consultation with a veterinarian, tailored to the specific needs of the individual dog.
Expert Opinions on CBD and Liver Health
Dr. Gary Richter, owner of Holistic Veterinary Care in Oakland, California, advocates for responsible CBD use in veterinary medicine. He believes that while caution is necessary, CBD’s potential benefits for pets outweigh unsubstantiated concerns about liver health. He emphasizes personalized dosing and monitoring to ensure optimal outcomes, particularly for pets with underlying health conditions such as liver disease.
Dr. Zac Pilossoph, Chief Veterinary Officer for CBD Dog Health, cautions against focusing solely on studies suggesting CBD-related liver enzyme elevation, arguing that it promotes fear-based medicine. He highlights that elevated liver enzymes often return to normal once cannabis use is stopped, unlike some pharmaceuticals. This suggests that CBD is a safer alternative for managing symptoms compared to some traditional medications, which have long-term adverse effects on the liver.
Research on CBD and Liver Enzymes
A study by Ewing, L., et al., (2019) published in the journal Molecules caused concern about CBD’s potential to elevate liver enzymes in dogs. Elevated liver enzymes are often used as an indicator of liver stress or damage. However, this study had several limitations:
- It used Epidiolex, an FDA-approved CBD isolate, not a full-spectrum hemp extract, which potentially contains additional compounds that mitigate adverse effects.
- The dosage given to mice was extremely high, far exceeding typical doses for dogs or humans, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the effects of standard doses of CBD on liver health.
A more recent study in 2021 by Kaufmann, R., et al. on the long-term effects of oral CBD in humans found no significant elevation of liver enzymes at commonly used doses. This study provides reassurance about CBD’s safety profile, but more research is needed to confirm similar results in dogs. Veterinary researchers are currently conducting trials to better understand the impact of CBD on canine liver health and to establish appropriate dosage guidelines.
When to Avoid CBD Oil for Dogs with Liver Disease
- Dogs with congenital liver shunts: CBD oil is not recommended for dogs with this condition, as the liver’s reduced ability to filter toxins is further affected by CBD.
- Dogs on pharmaceuticals: CBD interacts with certain medications. It’s crucial to consult with a veterinarian before giving CBD oil to a dog taking other medications to avoid potential interactions. The dog’s veterinarian helps determine if CBD is a safe option for a dog and adjust dosages if necessary.
Types of CBD Oil for Dogs with Liver Disease
There are four main types of CBD oil available for dogs with liver disease, each with its own benefits and considerations.
- Capsules: Easy to administer, flavorless, and mixed with food or given directly. Capsules offer precise dosing, making it easier for pet owners to provide consistent amounts of CBD.
- Extract concentrates: Pure CBD oil added to food or given directly. Dosage varies depending on the dog’s size and condition, and extract concentrates provide flexibility in adjusting doses.
- Oil tinctures: Come with a dropper or sprayer for easy administration and are often flavored to mask the taste of hemp. Tinctures are popular because they allow for easy adjustment of doses and offer flexibility either added to food or administered directly into the dog’s mouth.
- Treats: A palatable way to give CBD, but it’s essential to check the ingredients for anything harmful to a dog with liver issues. Treats are super convenient but are not suitable for dogs with dietary restrictions related to liver disease.
Choosing a High-Quality CBD Oil for A Dog with Liver Disease
Consider several factors listed below to ensure selecting a safe and effective CBD product for a dog with liver disease.
- Type of CBD oil: Look for broad-spectrum or full-spectrum CBD oil, which contains other beneficial cannabinoids and terpenes that work synergistically with CBD and takes advantage of the entourage effect. Full-spectrum oils contain trace amounts of THC, while broad-spectrum oils are THC-free, which is a safer option for pets.
- Certificate of Analysis (COA): Ensure the product has a COA from a third-party lab verifying its cannabinoid content and purity. The COA confirms low THC levels, accurate CBD content, and the absence of contaminants such as pesticides, heavy metals, and residual solvents.
- Extraction method: Choose CBD oil extracted using CO2 extraction, as it is considered the safest and most effective method. Solvent extraction leaves behind harmful residues that are detrimental to a dog’s health, particularly if they already have liver issues.
- Ingredients: Opt for products with natural and organic ingredients, avoiding artificial additives and fillers. CBD products with minimal ingredients are preferable for dogs with liver disease, as they reduce the risk of adverse reactions.
Potential Side Effects of CBD in Dogs with Liver Disease
While generally considered safe, CBD causes side effects in some dogs, especially at high doses. The most commonly reported side effects are listed below.
- Sedation: Some dogs become more relaxed or drowsy after taking CBD, which is not always desirable, especially during the day.
- Lethargy: A decrease in energy levels is observed in some dogs, which is a sign of over-sedation.
- Changes in appetite: CBD either increases or decreases appetite, depending on the individual dog’s reaction.
- Diarrhea: Gastrointestinal upset occurs, particularly when CBD is introduced suddenly or at high doses.
In some cases, CBD has been associated with elevated liver enzyme levels, although it is unclear whether this is a sign of liver damage or an artifact of how the lab measures liver values. More research is needed to understand the clinical significance of these findings. Pet owners are encouraged to work with their dog’s veterinarian to monitor liver enzyme levels if CBD is being used as part of a treatment plan for liver disease.
Conclusion
CBD oil holds promise as a potential supportive therapy for dogs with liver disease. Its anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, and appetite-stimulating properties help improve the quality of life for dogs struggling with liver conditions. However, more research is needed to fully understand its efficacy and long-term effects. It is crucial to consult the dog’s veterinarian before giving CBD oil to a dog, especially if the dog has pre-existing conditions or is taking other medications.
By working closely with a veterinarian and choosing a high-quality CBD product, pet parents make informed decisions about incorporating CBD oil into their dog’s treatment plan, potentially improving their quality of life as they navigate the challenges of liver disease. A well-considered approach that includes regular veterinary monitoring, appropriate dosing, and careful selection of CBD products provides a dog with the support they need to live a more comfortable and fulfilling life.
References
- Bradley, S., Young, S., Bakke, A. M., Holcombe, L., Waller, D., Hunt, A., Pinfold, K., & Logan, D. W. (2022). Long-term daily feeding of cannabidiol is well-tolerated by healthy dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9, 977457. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.977457
- Chen, S., & Kim, J.-K. (2024). The role of cannabidiol in liver disease: A systemic review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(4), 2370. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms2504237
- Ewing, L., Skinner, C., Quick, C., Kennon-McGill, S., McGill, M., Walker, L., Elsohly, M., Gurley, B., & Koturbash, I. (2019). Hepatotoxicity of a Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extract in the Mouse Model. Molecules, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091694.
- Jiang, X., Gu, Y., Huang, Y., Zhou, Y., Pang, N., Luo, J., Tang, Z., Zhang, Z., & Yang, L. (2021). CBD Alleviates Liver Injuries in Alcoholics With High-Fat High-Cholesterol Diet Through Regulating NLRP3 Inflammasome–Pyroptosis Pathway. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.724747.
- Kaufmann, R., Aqua, K., Lombardo, J., & Lee, M. (2021). Observed Impact of Long-Term Consumption of Oral Cannabidiol on Liver Function in Healthy Adults. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 8, 148 – 154. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2021.0114.
- Martínez-Martínez, L., Valdivia-Flores, A., Guerrero-Barrera, A., Quezada-Tristán, T., Rangel-Muñoz, E., & Ortíz-Martínez, R. (2021). Toxic Effect of Aflatoxins in Dogs Fed Contaminated Commercial Dry Feed: A Review. Toxins, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010065.
- Parker, L., Rock, E., & Limebeer, C. (2011). Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids. British Journal of Pharmacology, 163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01176.x.
- Stenske, K., Smith, J., Newman, S., Newman, L., & Kirk, C. (2006). Aflatoxicosis in dogs and dealing with suspected contaminated commercial foods. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 228 11, 1686-91. https://doi.org/10.2460/JAVMA.228.11.1686.